Occult shock can be defined as tissue hypoperfusion despite normal (or near normal) macrocirculatory parameters. Occult shock has been recognized to increase mortality in people and recently it has been recognized more frequently in veterinary small animal patients. There are now numerous methods which can be employed in almost any practice setting to identify occult shock to include lactate, shock index, central venous oxygen and rectal-interdigital temperature gradient. The lecture will discuss the relevant literature in both people and small animals with regard to these different methods to detect occult shock and how they can be incorporated into veterinary practice today. In addition, the lecture will touch on a new, promising modality to determine early shock, the compensatory reserve index, to include how this has been applied to humans as well as emerging research in the veterinary field. The lecture will then cover some techniques useful in identification of site of bleeding to include the use of POC ultrasound and whole body CT. The final portion of the lecture will briefly discuss treatment of occult hemorrhagic shock focusing on small volume resuscitation and hemostatic resuscitation.

This lecture will present key examination findings and clinical course of cats presenting in cardiovascular shock. Underlying disease states, STAT diagnostics, and therapeutic interventions will be discussed.

This session will discusses the causes and diagnostic of constipation in cats. The medical, nutritional, and surgical management of constipations in cats will be outlined.

Abdominal discomfort is a common problem in the mare after parturition. Although the gravid uterus and fetus are no longer confounding the diagnostic workup, these presentations are complicated by the additional differential diagnoses that must be considered and interpreting clinicopathological changes in the context of foaling or dystocia. This session will review the differential diagnoses that must be considered at in the postpartum mare and additional considerations that must be made to increase chances of a successful outcome.

This lecture will focus on discussion of current diagnostic and treatment recommendations for canine parvovirus (CPV) using a case-based approach. We will briefly review the pathophysiology of CPV and discuss fluid therapy, plasma products, antibiotics, and nutrition. In addition, we will review the most recent literature published on CPV and discuss prognostic indicators.

RECOVER systematically evaluated the evidence on topics relevant to small animal CPR and generated clinical CPR guidelines from this analysis. The evidence evaluation and guideline drafting processes were conducted according to a predefined sequence of steps designed to reduce bias and increase the repeatability of the findings, including multiple levels of review, culminating in a consensus process. A revision process of the guidelines has been conducted to be published in 2022 incorporating new evidence evaluated through the GRADE methodology and establishing new guidelines. This presentation focuses on the revised BLS and ALS algorithm.

This presentation will discuss options for vascular access in cats, and will include discussion of pro and cons of different catheter types and sizes. Additionally, we will discuss recommendations for when to avoid catheters, and how to minimize stress associated with catheter placement.

In this lecture, Dr. Justine Lee, DACVECC, DABT will review the top 10 mistakes to avoid when treating the intoxicated dog and cat. Tune in to learn if you should use apomorphine or hydrogen peroxide as an emetic agent in cats, and the dosing errors commonly made with activated charcoal administration. Should you be using "maintenance" IV fluids when treating the poisoned patient, and what common mistakes do you want to avoid when managing your poisoned small animal patients? If you see poisoned patients, this is one you don't want to miss!

Veterinary point of care ultrasound of the pleural space and lung can be very confusing. This lecture will cover the core principles to understand the sonographic findings of the pleural space and lung. The key principles of the Bat sign, gator sign, glide sign, A lines, B lines, lung pulse, and curtain sign, dry lung and wet lung will be covered. Cases and examples will be used to assess knowledge levels of the audience.

The CBC is a powerful diagnostic test panel that can provide essential information for the diagnosis and management of emergency and critical care patients. This lecture covers important interpretive aspects of the CBC including the erythrogram, leukogram and thrombogram. An in-depth discussion of red blood cell indices will demystify the use of MCV, MCH and MCHC as well as newer available indices such as reticulocyte hemoglobin concentration. The importance of blood smear evaluation in conjunction with CBC parameters will be emphasized and discussed in all sections of the lecture, with a focus on abnormal leukogram results and morphology of atypical leukocytes. The use of adjunct tests such as flow cytometry or PCR clonality testing will be covered. Finally, interpretation and clinical use of scatter plots provided with in-house CBC reports will be discussed to maximize information provided by point-of-care testing.